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With 5G network installations progressing rapidly, Non-Standalone (NSA) setups are currently the norm. These NSA setups integrate with 4G LTE infrastructure, using existing systems while deploying 5G technology. Future 5G networks, however, will transition to Standalone (SA) configurations, which will rely on a dedicated infrastructure—typically using high-capacity backhaul methods like fiber optics or microwave radio—to support only 5G services. So, now let us see an Overview of 5G Synchronization, Signal Block (SSB) and Testing along with Accurate LTE RF drive test tools in telecom & RF drive test software in telecom and Accurate 5g tester, 5G test equipment, 5g network tester tools in detail.
Frequency Ranges in 5G NR (New Radio)
5G NR operates across two main frequency ranges: Frequency Range 1 (FR1) and Frequency Range 2 (FR2). FR1 includes frequencies below 6 GHz, often called sub-6 GHz frequencies, while FR2 includes millimeter-wave (mmWave) bands that range between 24 GHz and 52 GHz. The FR1 range typically allows for broader coverage with channel bandwidths up to 100 MHz, while FR2 frequencies support narrower coverage areas but offer much larger bandwidths, reaching up to 400 MHz.
Within these ranges, 5G New Radio uses different subcarrier spacing (SCS) to support varying bandwidth needs and transmission conditions. For instance, FR1 typically uses a spacing of 15 or 30 kHz, while FR2 uses much higher spacings of 120 or 240 kHz to support fast data rates. Signal multiplexing also varies between these ranges, with FR2 commonly using dynamic time-division duplexing (TDD) and FR1 using either frequency-division duplexing (FDD) or TDD based on the network’s design and location.
To maximize performance, 5G also employs a technology known as massive MIMO (Multiple Input, Multiple Output). This advanced antenna technology supports multiple beams—up to four beams below 3 GHz, eight beams from 3 GHz to 6 GHz, and as many as 64 beams from 6 GHz to 52 GHz—each of which helps improve data capacity, speed, and coverage.
5G NR Synchronization Signal Block (SSB)
The Synchronization Signal Block (SSB) is an essential component of 5G NR that allows user equipment (UE), such as smartphones and IoT devices, to locate and sync with a 5G cell. The SSB serves as a guide for UEs to establish a connection and begin data transmission. It is akin to the reference signal in LTE networks but is tailored for 5G’s capabilities and structure.
The SSB is made up of three main signals:
- Primary Synchronization Signal (PSS)
- Secondary Synchronization Signal (SSS)
- Physical Broadcast Channel (PBCH)
Together, these signals enable UEs to identify a cell, synchronize with it, and access necessary system information for data transfer. These blocks are transmitted at specific intervals, typically every 20 milliseconds (ms), to ensure continuous connectivity.
In Frequency Range 2, 5G can transmit up to 64 SSBs in separate beams during a given interval, which allows the network to dynamically target different areas and devices, ensuring efficient use of spectrum and resources.
Transmission of SSB in Time and Frequency Domains
5G NR’s SSB transmission is spread across both time and frequency domains. In the time domain, four orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) symbols are used, with PSS transmitted in the first symbol, SSS in the third, and PBCH in the second and fourth.
Unlike LTE, where synchronization signals were transmitted at the center of the carrier, in 5G NR, the SSB’s position in the frequency domain varies, which helps prevent interference and improves spectral efficiency.
The frequency position of the SSB is specified as SSREF, and each SSB is assigned a Global Synchronization Channel Number (GSCN) to help UEs locate it when the specific position is not known.
Challenges and Key Testing Requirements in 5G NR
Testing 5G NR involves several challenges due to its use of TDD technology, burst signals, and multiple reference beams. Unlike LTE, where signals were more straightforward, 5G requires advanced testing to measure Power vs. Time and Time vs. Frequency. Fronthaul and over-the-air (OTA) tests are necessary to ensure that data transmission and reception are functioning correctly and without interference. Interference analysis, especially for TDD, also requires real-time spectrum analyzers and persistent views of the spectrum.
To meet these demands, 5G testing also requires:
- Automated triggered spectrum analysis to manage 5G’s burst-type signals.
- Carrier analysis to verify beam strength, quality, and PCI (Physical Cell ID) values for each carrier.
- Route mapping functions to evaluate the signal’s coverage and propagation in both indoor and outdoor environments.
Testing Procedures for 5G NR
The testing procedure for 5G networks usually starts with confirming the carrier’s center frequency and bandwidth. The SSB’s frequency location and subcarrier spacing (SCS) are verified next. Each carrier’s signal strength is checked to ensure it meets the expected power levels, followed by validation of the Physical Cell ID (PCI) and Beam Indexes, which indicate the angles at which beams are transmitted from the antenna panel.
In practice, carrier scanning can help identify vital metrics, such as the PCI, beam ID, and power levels, ensuring that the 5G network provides adequate coverage. Other aspects, such as Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP) and Signal-to-Interference plus Noise Ratio (SINR), are analyzed to validate coverage and propagation.
Beam Index Analysis in 5G NR
5G gNodeBs (gNBs), the base stations in a 5G network, can transmit up to 64 Beam IDs. Each beam originates from a specific angle on the antenna panel, allowing for precise coverage over different geographical locations surrounding a cell site. Beam analysis can be done either in stationary mode or through movement, such as by walking or driving, depending on the use case (for example, Fixed Wireless Access or mobility scenarios).
Data points collected during beam analysis typically include identifiers like cell ID, Beam ID, RSRP, RSRQ, and SINR, providing insight into the quality and consistency of network coverage across the test area.
5G NR Coverage Validation
Validating coverage is crucial to ensuring that a 5G network can support the demands of users. This process typically involves coverage mapping, which can be done in a drive or walk test. During these tests, omni-directional antennas (as opposed to directional antennas) are used, and data points such as location, time, PCI, Beam Index, RSRP, RSRQ, and SINR are collected at each measured point. These data points give a complete picture of the network’s coverage and help identify any areas where the signal may be weaker or subject to interference.
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